Compositores de EEUU desde 1950
Precedentes:
Composers of the USA since 1950
Precedents:
• Charles Ives
• Henry Cowell
Of the period stated
• John Cage
• Milton Babbitt
• George Crumb
The American contribution to music for the piano has been fundamentally based on new forms of treating the instrument. We already encounter in Charles Ives the idea of writing un-performable chords always based with the supposition that we do not know what future possibilities for the piano will be, as well as on the need for the Sonata Concorde to use a piece of wood of specific dimensions placed on certain black keys in order to be able to strike all of them at once with ease. More daring is Henry Cowell who, apart from being one of the pioneers in the use of the cluster, shows a tendency to play the piano within the box using the effect known as Aeolian harp (to touch certain keys without sound. while strumming the chords with the other hand) in one of his Piano Pieces. Within this period, we must mention John Cage, who for all practical purposes, invented the prepared piano (on certain chords and at specific distances materials are placed such as leather, screws, etc., so that the sound produced on striking the key is different from what one might expect. The technique is not necessarily dangerous for the piano. Cage was famous for leaving pianos in a better state than that in which he had found them). Many of the pieces used this system due to the number of ballets that he prepared with Merce Cunningham the most significant ones are the Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano. Equally outstanding is his use of randomness in pieces such as the Concerto for piano and Orchestra, which is full of indeterminate notations. Along this same path a further step was taken by Jorge Crumb, a composer of the so-called eclectic school whose interest in timbre (this led him always to use the piano with amplification so that the effects be audible) caused him to intervene, in real time, inside the piano box, which obviously provides a greater flexibility and versatility in the interpretation. His effects, which are too numerous to be completely listed here, include pizzicatos, chord harmonics, insertion of sheets of glass, paper or chains on the piano chords, cause the chord, once struck, to vibrate against a piece of metal, glissandos over the chords, etc. Of course, the use of clusters is very similar. Veritable compendiums of all such instrumental uses are the Makrocosmos I and II (piano solo), Makrokosmos III or Music for a Summer evening (for two pianos and percussion) and Makrokosmos IV (piano for four hands). Milton Babbitt follows a path more similar to the European with strictly serial techniques –to which he adds various others– which gives him hyper-precise, dynamic control which we can find in the Semi-simple variations. Little more can I add but to mention the Minimalism which was so much in vogue in the USA does not, for the moment, appear to have produced any piano innovations.
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CarlPhilipp -